for the paragraph will precede it, and the one for each sentence will follow that sentence.[Printable (pdf) version of this lesson]
In the sixth of each seven-lesson set, we’ll take a moment out to try some free translation. We will usually add some vocabulary, but only what is necessary for the text at hand.
After the workspace for your translation—as part of my English translation—I’ll give a morpheme-by-morpheme analysis. If grammar-geekiness intimidates you, feel free to skip this part; however, those willing to take the “risk” will find that it sheds considerable light on how Láadan words and sentences are put together.
bol
to be fleecy-clouded (of the sky)
–de
Suffix (Type-of-Sentence Word): said in narrative; said as a story
hathal
good (of a time)
háya
beautiful (of a time)
hothal
good (of a place)
hóya
beautiful (of a place)
izh
but
leyi
to be blue
lith
to think
lula
to be purple
sháal
day
tháa
to thrive; to be well
thosh
sky
wo
Evidence Word: imagined or invented by the speaker; hypothetical
yod
to eat
When paragraphs of Láadan are given, sound files will be provided for the entire paragraph as well as each sentence. The for the paragraph will precede it, and the one for each sentence will follow that sentence.
Hathal Sháal
Bíide hóya Halishóni wo.
Míi Méri i di, “Bíi háya sháal wi.”
Bíide medathim Méri i Ána wo.
Laya bud, izh melaya ra thom; melula thom.
Bíide di Méri wo, “Bíi óoha le wa,” izh óoha ra Ána.
Áana Méri.
Bíide u áath wo.
Tháa i liyen hesh.
Leyi i bol thosh.
Mehéeya ra mid; di Ána, “Bíi meháya nezh wa.”
Bíide yod Ána wo.
Methal bal i rana, izh thal ra thilhi.
Bíide lith Ána wo, “Bíi hothal Halishóni wa.”
Láadan uses words and word-parts to build more complex words—like toy blocks. To avoid any confusion in the following analysis, words that have their own meanings will begin with a capital letter (Word); words that are built of two or more “pieces” will be presented with each “piece” beginning with a capital (Word + Word). Words that are there to give context but don’t have their own translatable meaning will be presented in all-capital letters (WRD). Prefixes and suffixes will also be presented in all-capital letters (PREF + Word + Word + SUFF); notice that the context words, prefixes and suffixes may be abbreviated.
Hathal Sháal
Hathal
BeGoodTime
Sháal
Day
Day Being-Good-Time
Bíide hóya Halishóni wo. Míi Méri i di, “Bíi háya sháal wi.”
Bíide
DECL + NARR
hóya
BeBeautifulPlace
Halishóni
California
wo.
MADEUP
Míi
BeAmazed
Méri
Mary
i
And
di,
Say
“Bíi
DECL
háya
BeBeautifulTime
sháal
Day
wi.”
SELFEVID
California was beautiful. Mary was amazed and said, “The day is beautiful.”
Bíide medathim Méri i Ána wo. Laya bud, izh melaya ra thom; melula thom.
Bíide
DECL + NARR
medathim
PL + Needlework
Méri
Mary
i
And
Ána;
Anna
wo.
MADEUP
Laya
BeRed
bud,
Clothing
izh
But
melaya
PL + BeRed
ra
NEG
thom;
Pillow
melula
PL + BePurple
thom.
Pillow
Mary and Anna were needleworking. The clothing was red, but the pillows were not red; the pillows were purple.
Bíide di Méri wo, “Bíi óoha le wa,” izh óoha ra Ána. Áana Méri.
Bíide
DECL + NARR
di
Say
Méri
Mary
wo,
MADEUP
“Bíi
DECL
óoha
BeWeary
le
I
wa,”
MYPERC
izh
But
óoha
BeWeary
ra
NEG
Ána.
Anna
Áana
Sleep
Méri.
Mary
Mary said, “I’m weary,” but Anna wasn’t tired. Mary slept.
Bíide u áath wo. Tháa i liyen hesh. Leyi i bol thosh. Mehéeya ra mid; di Ána, “Bíi meháya nezh wa.”
Bíide
DECL + NARR
u
BeOpen
áath
Door
wo.
MADEUP
Tháa
Thrive
i
And
liyen
BeGreen
hesh.
Grass
Leyi
BeBlue
i
And
bol
BeFleecyClouded
thosh.
Sky
Mehéeya
PL + BeAfraid
ra
NEG
mid;
Creature
di
Say
Ána,
Anna
“Bíi
Statement
meháya
PL + BeBeautiful
nezh
You2-5
wa.”
MYPERC
The door was open. The grass was thriving and green. The sky was blue and fleecy-clouded. The animals were not afraid; Anna said, “You are beautiful.”
Bíide yod Ána wo. Methal bal i rana, izh thal ra thilhi.
Bíide
DECL + NARR
yod
Eat
Ána
Anna
wo.
MADEUP
Methal
PL + BeGood
bal
Bread
i
And
rana,
Beverage
izh
But
thal
BeGood
ra
Not
thilhi.
Fish + PEJ
Mary ate. The bread and beverage were good, but the fish had gone off and was not good.
Bíide lith Ána wo, “Bíi hothal Halishóni wa.”
Bíide
DECL + NARR
lith
Think
Ána
Anna
wo,
MADEUP
“Bíi
DECL
hothal
BeGoodPlace
Halishóni
California
wa.”
MYPERC
Anna thought, “California is good.”
Day Being-Good-Time
California was beautiful. Mary was amazed and said, “The day is beautiful.”
Mary and Anna were needleworking; the clothing was red, but the pillows were not red; the pillows were purple.
Mary said, “I am weary,” but Anna was not tired. Mary slept.
The door was open. The grass was thriving and green. The sky was blue and fleecy-clouded. The animals were not afraid; Anna said, “You are beautiful.”
Anna ate. The bread and the beverage were good, but the fish had gone off and was not good.
Anna thought, “California is good.”
This story is rather cartoonish, but what more can be expected with a limited vocabulary and only a few grammatical features to work with?
Note that the Láadan title of the story lacks the Type-of-Sentence Word and the Evidence Word. The concepts are there, but there’s no “framework” to “hang” them on. Without the form provided by the Type-of-Sentence and Evidence Words, it’s impossible to translate them into an English sentence.
Note that the Type-of-Sentence Words need not be repeated in connected speech. Of course, the content of a new paragraph is not connected to that of the previous paragraph, so the Type-of-Sentence Word would be required again. Also, the text within a quotation is not connected to that outside the quotation, so the speaker would include a Type-of-Sentence Word, so when she’s quoted, the Type-of-Sentence word would be included in the quotation.
Similarly, the Evidence Word need not be repeated within connected speech once it is established. The constraints regarding quotations and paragraph boundaries would also apply.
In this story we are introduced to the first of the Mood Suffixes. These will all modify the Type-of-Sentence Word; the sentence will still be a statement, question, and so on, but the purpose or emotional state behind the sentence is made specific. In this case
The Mood Suffixes can also be attached to any communication verb: “dide” would mean “speaks, in narrative form,” and “dibíide” would mean “states or declares, in telling a story.”
Did you note the word “thilhi” in the second-to-last paragraph? We know the word “thili” (fish). Láadan makes it easy to adapt a word to incorporate a “pejorative” (negative) meaning on-the-fly. The sound “lh” is used in Láadan for nothing else, and can be added to the beginning, middle or end of any word to lend a temporary deprecatory meaning—so long as the addition doesn’t violate Láadan’s requirement that vowel sounds and consonant sounds within a word occur in strict alternation. In addition, if the word contains the sound “l,” that letter can be changed to “lh” (as was done to “thili” here). In either case, the change would not be included in any dictionary; it’s strictly temporary and carries the sense of distaste or disapproval of a particular occurrence of the thing—of the fish, in this case.
A somewhat different case involving “lh” is words whose meanings are inherently negative. These words will often include the sound “lh” as a core part of their makeup. This is not temporary and such words would be found in a dictionary.
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